Comparing Of Mice And Men By John Steinbeck - 926 Words

â€Å"It doesn’t matter what we look like on the outside because we all share a similarity on the inside.† In this essay, I am going to compare and contrast Curly’s Wife and George. These two characters are from the book Of Mice Men by John Steinbeck. There are going to be three main topics that I am going to compare them in. Those three topics are Actions, Appearance, and Dreams. Actions being of how they acted towards someone. Appearance being how did they dress and how they were described in the book. Dreams being of what they dreams about becoming in the future. They both may be different from each other, but they link in a way. First off we are going to talk about their appearance. George’s appearance was a normal guy. He had a dark†¦show more content†¦While Curley’s wife’s dream was to become a movie star. George told Lennie multiple times that they were going to â€Å"live off the fatta of the land† and that they were going to go to be independent. He was tired of people telling him what to do and wanted to get up at his own time. Curley’s Wife’s dream was actually an opportunity. She did actually have a chance of becoming a movie star. She told Lennie that the guy said she belongs in the movies, and that he ll send a letter. She never received that letter. She believes her mother stole and hid it from her. In conclusion, as you can tell there are some opposites and some similarities of Curley’s wife and George. The biggest similarity was the dreams. They both wanted something that would turn out to be good for them. Curley’s wife wanted to become a movie star. Even though she doesn’t have the paper, maybe she would have found it somewhere. George wanted to leave at his own house with Lennie and Candy. He wanted a farm. He wanted to be an independent person. Even though they are both different people with different characteristics. They both wanted to become s omeone. This last paragraph is going to be quoting that gave me the support of my descriptions. My first quote the narrator stated â€Å" the first man was small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features. Every part of him was defined: Small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose.†(John Steinbeck, PageShow MoreRelatedComparing Of Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1605 Words   |  7 Pages Repeating Mistakes of Innocence in of Mice and Men Tragedy in life can be used to demonstrate the ultimate display of compassion and love, which truly demonstrates the qualities of men. In life people create attachments and bonds, craving companionship over isolated individualism. There is a endless cycle and chain of events that cause the annihilation of bounds which leads to tragedies bringing sadness. In Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck focuses the reader s attention on the bond between twoRead MoreComparing Chapters 1 and 6 in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck617 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Chapters 1 and 6 in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Steinbeck uses the opening of his novel to introduce to us the main characters of the novel and also to hint at the forthcoming events that are yet to come in the novel. In the opening Steinbeck describes the setting as a tranquil and peaceful scene, which is almost like the Garden of Eden this, is almost too good to be true this also describe George and Lennies dream. Everything in the settingRead MoreComparing John Steinbeck s Mice And Men And The Grapes Of Wrath1126 Words   |  5 PagesComparing and Contrasting Steinbeck John Steinbeck is a famous author known for many of his short stories, as well as the books Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. His works have been studied and analyzed often because of his unique ability to create symbolism from small amounts of text. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is a short story written by John Steinbeck, and was first published in 1939. It tells the story of a woman who feels she is capable of completing any task a man can, but is set back byRead MoreComparing Rosemarie Seus And John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men2004 Words   |  9 PagesRosemarie Seus John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck On Feb. 27, 1902, in Salinas, California, John Ernst Steinbeck Jr was born.His father, John Ernst Steinbeck worked several jobs, while his mother, Olive Hamilton Steinbeck was a former schoolteacher. Steinbeck had a mostly happy childhood – he grew up with three sisters, was smart, and formed an early appreciation for the land. Steinbeck decided to become a writer at the age of 14, writing many poems and stories. He enrolled in StanfordRead MoreGeorge And Lennie Relationship Analysis871 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novella Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck, the relationship between Lennie Small and George Milton is complex. Lennie and George are two companions who look for work and brave the hardships of the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression together. Although Lennie and George are both grown men, their relationship resembles more of a child and a single parent, or a boy and his dog. Lennie is portrayed as animalistic and childish through his behavior and Steinbeck’s comparisons. This reveals the crucialRead MoreSteinbeck and His Techniques for Success in Of Mice and Men924 Words   |  4 Pagesa better understanding of Lennie and George, the two main characters Of Mice and Men. It also helps in keeping readers thinking on their feet and constantly questioning George and Lennie`s next move while in Salinas, California. John Steinbeck, in his novel Of Mice and Men, makes use of similes and foreshadowing to keep readers in touch with the characters and at the edge of their seats throughout the story. John Steinbeck uses similes to build and create powerful characters that touch the heartsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Sphinx And Of Mice And Men 1493 Words   |  6 Pagesthe city the Sphinx was guarding. In many ways, the Sphinx is analogous to the American Dream where many people are devoured by it while a small quantity ever â€Å"solve the riddle† and achieve their American Dream. In the 1937 novelette, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck incorporates the American Dream in the setting of the Great Depression in Tyler’s Ranch , California . During the Great Depression, many workers went into an exodus from the South and Midwest to California in light of the Dust Bowl . GeorgeRead MoreHow Steinbeck Presents the Relationship Between George and Lennie in Particular at the Beginning and the End1045 Words   |  5 PagesHow Steinbeck presents the relationship between George and Lennie in particular at the beginning and the end The relationship between Lennie and George is very close throughout the book. Of Mice and Men is set in the 1930s depression years in America. This means that their relationship was under a lot of strain. It was unusual in those times to be able to sustain friendships because life was all about living for the moment after America s great depression. They are in a place called the SalinasRead Morecomparison2085 Words   |  9 Pages English III AP 30 October 2013 Of Mice and Men and The Scarlet Letter Of Mice and Men’s George and The Scarlet Letter’s Hester Prynne the main characters in these two novels. Both are misunderstood by the people around them. Of Mice and Men was written in 1937 by John Steinbeck to show the most vulnerable people in society at that time. The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 to illustrate the way of life for the Puritan society and the way some were punished or misunderstoodRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And Of Mice And Men1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel ‘The Great Gatsby’ and ‘Of Mice and Men’ F Scott Fitzgerald and John Steinbeck respectively explore the complex perspective of the true outcome of the American Dream. Although set within different eras of American society, the extensive failure of dreams throughout both texts shows how the American Dream is destined for annihilation despite the intention of hope and happiness. In its original form the American Dream encapsulated the idea l that ‘equality of opportunity is available to

Labor and Legality Essay - 631 Words

Wordup Labor and Legality Essay August 9, 2011 In her book, Labor and Legality: An Ethnography of a Mexican Immigrant Network, Ruth Gomberg-Muà ±oz describes the lives of ten busboys, she referrs to as the Lions, living and working in the Chicago area. Gomberg-Muà ±oz provides an insight into the lives of these undocumented Mexican workers. They share their stories of crossing the border, the affects of their absence on family back in Mexico, and the daily struggles of living in a country without the benefits of citizenship. The Lions, as well as other undocumented Mexicans, have to face Americans stereotypes every day. Probably the biggest stereotype the Lions contend with is the belief that all Mexicans are hard workers. The word†¦show more content†¦This statement leads one to believe that the Lions have taken the expectations that Americans have set for them and made them a part of their social identity. While the Lions’ actions may make the hard-working Mexican stereotype seem innocent enough , it can lead to employers taking advantage of undocumented workers. Americans have a bit of a record regarding the exploitation of immigrants. In her book Gomberg-Muà ±oz relates how when the United States needed more workers they opened their arms to Mexicans. However, when the economy begins to slow down, the first people asked to leave and give up their jobs are the very same people they invited and encouraged to come. Since many business owners were used to employing Mexicans, they still hire them although it is against laws and regulations. Americans using undocumented Mexican workers tend to pay them less, put them in more dangerous jobs, and make them work harder because they believe Mexicans love to work. While this is great for America and American businesses, it is not as beneficial to the Mexicans they take advantage of. Gomberg-Muà ±oz’s book provides the reader with an inside prospective of the lives of undocumented Mexicans. It shows what it is like for peopl e working to help forward themselves and their families in Mexico and The United States. Contrary to some Americans belief that Mexicans want to take over the United States, the majority of the Lions justShow MoreRelatedThe Ethnography Labor And Legality1233 Words   |  5 PagesSarah Rodrigues Dr. Melissa Goodman Elgar Anthropology 101.02 10 December 2015 Labor and Legality The ethnography Labor and Legality is based on the experiences of ten different undocumented immigrant men living and working in the Chicago area. These men have been called the Lions by the author because they all originate from the same city in Mexico called Le?n. These men differ meaningfully in their beliefs, experiences, and plans for the future, but they also have important things in common. TheyRead MoreLabor And Legality : An Ethnography Of A Mexican Immigrant Network Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesLabor and Legality: An Ethnography of a Mexican Immigrant Network Labor and Legality: An Ethnography of a Mexican Immigrant Network, by Ruth Gomberg-Munoz, is a book that explains the difficulty of Mexican immigrant lifestyles, which has gained the attention across the country especially since Donald Trumps’ recent statements against these people, as illegal civilians come from Mexico to work in America. Gomberg-Munoz tries to give us an understanding of the life of these people. Gomberg-Munoz’sRead MoreCulture: Labor And Legality. Being Inside A World That1260 Words   |  6 PagesCulture: Labor and Legality Being inside a world that is not your own, a world that is so different from your beliefs and ideas. A world whose culture is different from yours. Where the work ethic, home life, and family connections all differ. Imagine a world in which people are judged based on the color of their skin without giving them a second look or listening to their story; listening to where they are from. This is a common trend in American society; a society where we commonly think is equalRead MoreSummary Of Ruth Gomberg Munoz s Labor And Legality1187 Words   |  5 Pages Ruth Gomberg-Muà ±oz’s, Labor and Legality is a book written on the Mexican immigrant network in the U.S. She centers it on the Lions, a group of Mexican men from Leon, Mexico that all share their lives and help explain the many networks and strategies that are used in order to excel and gain happiness. There have been many different sorts of misconceptions about immigrants, and in recent years about undocumented immigr ants from Mexico. The U.S. has made a sort of war on illegal immigrants andRead MoreThe Book Labor And Legality : An Ethnography Of A Mexican Immigrant Network By Ruth Gomberg Munoz1160 Words   |  5 Pages The book ‘Labor and Legality: An Ethnography of a Mexican Immigrant Network’ by Ruth Gomberg-Munoz explains the hardships that surround the Mexican immigrant network. Over the years the ‘undocumented’ workers coming to America from Mexico has increased which has gained the attention of the American government and the media, as it is ‘illegal behavior’. Gomberg-Munoz attempts to create an understanding of the lives of these workers by telling individual’s personal stories. The author reports theRead MoreAn Analysis Of Ruth Gomberg Munoz s Labor And Legality : An Ethnography Of A Mexican Immigrant Network1444 Words   |  6 PagesEtic and Emic Analysis of Culture In Ruth Gomberg-Muà ±oz’s book, Labor and Legality: An Ethnography of a Mexican Immigrant Network, she allows us to enter the everyday lives of ten undocumented Mexican workers all living in the Chicago area. Ruth Gomberg-Muà ±oz refers to Chuy, Alejandro, Leonardo, Luis, Manuel, Omar, Rene, Roberto, Lalo, and Albert the ten undocumented Mexicans as the â€Å"Lions†. This book shares the Lions many stories from, their daily struggle of living as an undocumented immigrantRead MoreCase Study : Good Or Service773 Words   |  4 Pagescompany specializing in the sale and construction of pools. The two parties entered into a contract that called for Stylarama to â€Å"furnish all labor and materials to construct a Wavecrest brand pool, and furnish and install a pool with vinyl liners.† The total cost for materials and labor was $3,690. There was no breakdown in the contract of costs between labor and materials. After the pool was installed, its sides began bowi ng out, the 2† Ãâ€" 4† wooden supports for the pool rotted and misaligned, andRead MoreCase Study : Robert Chuckrow Construction Company908 Words   |  4 PagesChuckrow Construction Company (Chuckrow) was employed as the general contractor to build a Kinney Shoe Store. Chuckrow employed Ralph Gough to perform the carpentry work on the store. The contract with Gough stipulated that he was to provide all labor, materials, tools, equipment, scaffolding, and other items necessary to complete the carpentry work. Gough’s employees erected 38 trusses at the job site. The next day, 32 of the trusses fell off the building. The reason for the trusses having fallenRead MoreHow Collective Bargaining Agreements Effect The Players And The Owners1416 Words   |  6 PagesAgreements (CBA), Unions, arbitration and strikes/work stoppages you are absolutely correct. In the coming paragraphs, labor relations within the world of sports will be discussed from their unions to h ow collective bargaining agreements effect both the players and the owners. What is a Collective Bargaining Agreement? CBA is a written and signed document between a company and a labor organization specifying the terms and conditions of employment for a specified period of time. The written agreementRead MoreThe Rights Of Immigration And Citizenship Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe high presence of immigrants in ‘vulnerable’ labor markets make the pathways for migration and citizenship critical in accessing agency. The legality of labor for immigrants affects the vulnerability of immigrants. The ‘under the table’ nature of many economic opportunities presented to immigrant populations changes the stability of accumulating capital or creating economic mobility. The ‘off the books’ nature changes the agency to immigrants to gain their wages, protest exploitation and to attain

Theme of Sexuality in Andre Brink ‘s Other Lives Free Essays

string(68) " the more you are fighting the battle and winning as Nicol puts it\." Brink’s Other Lives: A Rewriting of history through eroticism The dissident writer’s preeminent role, as Brink sees it, is to â€Å"explore and expose the roots of the human condition as it is lived in South Africa: (.. ) With the fundamentals of human experience and relationships†(Mapmakers 152). We will write a custom essay sample on Theme of Sexuality in Andre Brink ‘s Other Lives or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is to say, he aims, through narrating and referring to kinships, mainly sensual ones, at unveiling the racial practices of the past apartheid system which is, according to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary and thesaurus, defined as â€Å"a former policy of segregation and political and economic discrimination against non-European groups in the Republic of So. Africa† in doing so, he makes use of erotic scenes between black and white people of both sexes. This essay tackles Brink’s choice to make use of erotic fiction as an inventive way of writing history. Also, it deals with sexuality, in this particular novel, which stands as an epitome for racial, colonial and political relationships between black and white people, as well as the numerous interpretations of the coitus either through symbolism or feminism or psychoanalysis. According to Brink â€Å"the author’s reinvention of history would involve a choice between two kinds of concepts, two ends on a sliding scale: namely, history as fact and history as fiction. He opts for fiction in this novel to rewrite the history of South Africa: â€Å"In forthcoming novels I shall be trying to get more and more of an imaginative grasp on reality, to invent history†, so that he lays naked the remainders of the post-apartheid system in an innovative style, skillfully inserting here and there several incidents, including sexual relations, that may be real or even personal, encompassing and resuming the aftermaths of the colonial experience. Brink’s answer to the inevitable qu estion:† Why re-sort to fiction? Why reduce history to storytelling? † is summarized in Russell Hoban’s famous dictum:† We make fiction because we ARE fiction. â€Å"Brink elaborated on this idea explaining that â€Å"Whether one composes a c. v. for a job application, or reviews a day or week or year or a life traversed, or relates a crucial experience to someone else, or writes a letter, or describes an event-however one sets about it, it is inevitably turned into narrative. † The will to power, to dominate the other race and prove oneself to be superior has its links with sensuality and chauvinism. At first reading, some sexual acts in the novel seem to be scenes of pure passion, but then, they turn out to be mere longing for annihilation. For instance, In the second part Mirror, when Steve, a black man, is provoked by the utterances of the seductive young white woman named Silke telling him â€Å"your skin, I like very much how it feel, how it look† he becomes infuriated since he considers her words as a racial Remarque that echoes past memories of racial insults that he heard earlier in the novel such as â€Å"jou ma se swart poes† (=your mother’s black cunt) and â€Å"these kaffirs think they own the bloody place†. Consequently his reaction may be depicted as an attempt to free the rein of his wrath and avenge himself on the white race embodied in Silke, by conducting violent sexual intercourse saying that â€Å"for the first time I become aware of what is happening inside me. Not passion, not lust, not ecstasy, but rage . A terrible and destructive rage. † Moreover, racism is deeply rooted in social institutions such as marriage. As A. J. Hassall argues:† In Brink’s South Africa blacks and whites are seen as natural equals separated only by the uncompromising racism of the whites. In all his books Brink explores sexual relationships between blacks and whites and he portrays them as natural sexual partners who might be natural political and social partners if only the Afrikaner establishment would allow it. † This is perfectly illustrated in the example of the love relationship between a white man and a black woman in the first part The Blue Door, David Le Roux and Embeth, which is, even after the apartheid regime, still considered as a taboo kinship, completely rejected by David’s family; â€Å"why should we allow our lives to be dictated by the unreasonable reasonableness of my family? If we love each other.. † as David puts it. Added to its consideration as a racist attitude, Steve’s degradation of the white woman Silke may be read, as an act of political defiance, nevertheless, it fits only too well into the traditional master narrative of colonialism (â€Å"Natives have a rape-utation,† says Modisane, 1986), as well as the master narrative of sexism: the male who, in order to justify his aggression against and his â€Å"possession† of the female, blames her for provoking the attack, and for â€Å"deserving what she gets† ecause of her innate libidinal provocation. This is best illustrated in Steve’s words to Silke â€Å"if this is what you’re after, this is what you’re going to get. Fucking little white bitch. † Speaking of colonialism, Mellor suggests that men are attempting to penetrate mysterious foreign regions where they do not rightfully belong. Nina’s hair color turning into black, and the repetitive use of the words â€Å"dark† and â€Å"black† in the final paragraph depicting Derek â€Å"press[ing] [his] face into the fragrant and fatal darkness between her legs† calls to mind the notion of the exotic land reduced to the symbol of the female pubic hair which testifies for the mysterious south African jungles which should be discovered by white colonizer Derek. Feminists object to the depiction of women, in any respect, as a degraded sex, Objectified and reduced to serve the basic function of shoring up a man’s ego. This machismo attitude is evident in Derek’s utterances:†Come what may, Nina Rousseau, you’re going to end up in my bed. † Symbolically speaking, it is widely known that white women represent power, so the more that you have of them the more you absorb that power into yourself. They also, of course, represent repression, so the more that you defile them the more you are fighting the battle and winning as Nicol puts it. You read "Theme of Sexuality in Andre Brink ‘s Other Lives" in category "Essay examples" This idea brings to mind Steve’s state of mind when copulating Silke, putting it into words: â€Å"now it is turning into pain, she becomes terrified †¦ while I feel myself growing in strength and rage. † This is further illustrated in Modisane’s words:† Through sex, I proved myself to myself. I am a man†¦ When the trance of sex had passed and the pleasure exhausted itself out of my system there remained only the anger and the violence to repeat and indulge myself into a more lasting satisfaction†¦ Furthermore, the stereotypes of the â€Å"chaste white woman† and the â€Å"potent black man† who acts violently, with or without a reason, are challenged by Brink. The recurrent image of the black male is that of a virile man including the assertion of one of the crudest myths of sexist racism, the size of the black penis and his manhood to which it is alluded in Steve’s discourse: †bloody black stud (=virile)†. Th is racial cliche is set off in contrast with that of the white woman’s spiritual superiority and â€Å"absolute pureness† as Steve puts it. The terms in which the white woman is broadly described are based on an archetypal image borrowed from Camoens: â€Å"the symbol of purity and light, saintly flesh, raped, violated by the brutal force of a dark continent†. In order to criticize this cliche, Andre draws an image of the impure Silke who surrenders herself to Steve pleading him to â€Å"fuck [her]†. Psychologically speaking, Lacan perceives the other as the creative force in shaping the consciousness of the â€Å"I†. When joined at the hip with Sarah, David ponders â€Å"you are my wife, but who are you? Who am I? † He feels compelled to know her in order to know himself and apprehend his existence, in other words, as feminists assert, sexuality is the keystone of identity. To elaborate on this idea, â€Å"Man’s desire,† according to Lacan (1977), â€Å"finds its meaning in the desire of the other, not so much because the other holds the key to the object desired, as because the first object of desire is to be recognized by the other. Steve is inventing himself through the Other, Silke, who is, herself, a projection of his consciousness: his own identity, the raison d’etre of his actions and of his life, depends on the girl’s approval and affirmation. Accordingly, he desires her so he can be recognized by her, and since â€Å"she is looking at [him]. She is seeing [him]. As [he is] now. As [he is]. But there is no shock or disapproval in her face†, meani ng that she does acknowledge him, he realizes his true identity. Contrary to Silke’s sexual attraction to Steve, he notices his cat’s repulsion. The widely known meaning of the hissing or scratching cat in dreams, is that this person â€Å"feels rejected by women or that his current relationships with women are strained or that he feels the women in his life are unappeasable, not to be trusted, overbearing, or just downright mean in which case the dream may mean it is time to reassess his relationships. †Ã‚  This is exactly the case with Steve and the female cat Sebastian which â€Å"draws her slender back into an arc and hisses at [him]. This may be explained by the fact that, when metamorphosed into a black man, Steve falls a prey to self-depreciation and speculates his wife Carla’s rejection of his new â€Å"black† self. So, when he realizes the impossibility of achieving any human or even nonhuman connectedness, he chooses to seek release through the powerful emotion created by the suffering of Silke, an emo tion which simultaneously produces his sexual arousal. This can be proved psychoanalytically in Bersani’s work analyzing Freud’s â€Å"Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality† in which he dentifies a counter argument running through Freud’s essays that â€Å"sexuality [is] not†¦originally an exchange of intensities between individuals, but rather a condition of broken negotiations with the world, a condition in which others merely set off the self shattering mechanisms of sadomasochistic jouissance† Regarding Derek’s unsatisfied and unstoppable longing for the sadistic Nina, The last erotic scene of the novel, when he gets stuck between her thighs, seems to be quite predictable, inasmuch, death will be the consummation of his passion. Bersani explicates Freud’s theory of the death drive by arguing that â€Å"if sexuality is constituted as masochism, the immobilization of fantasmic structures can only have a violent denouement†¦ masochism is both relieved and fulfilled by death†. Isidore Diala refers to Andre Brink’s viewpoint about the writer’s role in the post-apartheid South Africa, saying that:† The dissident writer must awaken the Afrikaner to a sense of his potential for greatness and struggle aiming at liberating the blacks from oppression by whites, but also a struggle for the liberation of the Afrikaner from the ideology in which he has come to negate his better self. † Main References: -â€Å"Reinventing a Continent (Revisiting History in the Literature of the New South Africa: A Personal Testimony)† By Andre Brink 2-â€Å"Constructing Connectedness: Gender, Sexuality and Race in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein† by Jessica Hale 3-â€Å"CONCEPTUALIZING SEXUALITY: FROM KINSEY TO QUEER AND BEYOND† 4-â€Å"An Ornithology of Sexual Politics: Lewis Nkosi’s Mating Birds† by Andre Brink 5-â€Å"Andre Brink and Malraux† by Isidore Diala -â€Å"PORNOGRAPHY ( VS) EROTIC FICTION (aka Why I Continue To Do What I Do)† By Jess C Scott, 9 Mar 2011 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. In her article â€Å"PORNOGRAPHY VS. EROTIC FICTION†, Jess C Scott gives a definition of erotic literature saying that: † it comprises fictional and factual stories and accounts of human sexual relationships which have the power to or are intended to arouse the reader sexually. The emphasis of each is quite different. Porn’s main purpose is to make money via adult entertainment; erotic literature tells a story. Stories that are realistic. Stories that make one think. Stories that â€Å"dive into the depths of navigating gender, sexuality, and the lines of desire† (blurb from my  first erotic anthology,  4:Play). She illustrates her viewpoint by referring to Nabokov in the same Article explaining that â€Å"Mr. Vladimir Nabokov said so succinctly in  an essay on  Lolita, â€Å". . . Lolita has no moral in tow. For me, a work of fiction exists only insofar as it affords me what I shall call aesthetic bliss. . . â€Å"He also writes that â€Å"in pornographic novels, action has to be limited to the copulation of cliches. Style, structure, imagery should never distract the reader from his tepid lust. The novel must consist of an alternation of sexual scenes. † Ultimately, She draws this conclusion: Lolita  is more than a pornographic novel. Erotic literature is more than pornographic writing. † How to cite Theme of Sexuality in Andre Brink ‘s Other Lives, Essay examples

Where Has All the Saved Time Gone free essay sample

The world we live in undergoes constant change; it is never the same. Since the boom of the industrial age people have always strived to go beyond to invent faster, better and even more efficient inventions. All of this supposedly to make our lives easier to live. Without a doubt things have become better and more efficient than before. Originally people did this to save time. Time has always been considered precious and we are constantly trying to save time. So much so that we have lost the meaning of saving time and it has become a part of the culture that we live in today. More haste, less speed†. This quote by Augustus Caesar is a perfect illustration of the present world that we are midst. The faster we do things the more likely we are to commit errors which result in us taking longer to correct these mistakes. It is much like the Swahili proverb of â€Å"Haste has no blessings†. We will write a custom essay sample on Where Has All the Saved Time Gone? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Saving time is easily evident in the teenage community as text messages are often written in short abbreviations. It has become a way of life rather than a way of saving time. This haste has not made life any easier either.Often people misinterpret this abbreviations and it takes longer to understand than writing complete words. For instance, ttyl (talk to you later) is sometimes misinterpreted as ttly (totally). Not only has haste lead to misinterpretation but it is a cause for our laziness. Saving time by swiping credit cards at gas pumps instead of paying at the counter or even consuming power bars instead of a full meal has made us lazy. However all this saved time remains unaccounted for as we still strive to become faster than before.

Art Of Living Essays - Nicaraguan Revolution, IranContra Affair

Art Of Living An August, 1996, series in the San Jose Mercury News by reporter Gary Webb linked the origins of crack cocaine in California to the contras, a guerrilla force backed by the Reagan administration that attacked Nicaragua's Sandinista government during the 1980s. Webb's series, The Dark Alliance, has been the subject of intense media debate, and has focused attention on a foreign policy drug scandal that leaves many questions unanswered. This electronic briefing book is compiled from declassified documents obtained by the National Security Archive, including the notebooks kept by NSC aide and Iran-contra figure Oliver North, electronic mail messages written by high-ranking Reagan administration officials, memos detailing the contra war effort, and FBI and DEA reports. The documents demonstrate official knowledge of drug operations, and collaboration with and protection of known drug traffickers. Court and hearing transcripts are also included. Special thanks to the Arca Foundation, the Ruth Mott Fund, the Samuel Rubin Foundation, and the Fund for Constitutional Government for their support. Contents: Documentation of Official U.S. Knowledge of Drug Trafficking and the Contras Evidence that NSC Staff Supported Using Drug Money to Fund the Contras U.S. Officials and Major Traffickers: Manuel Noriega Jos? Bueso Rosa FBI/DEA Documentation Testimony of Fabio Ernesto Carrasco, 6 April 1990 National Security Archive Analysis and Publications Click on the document icon next to each description to view the document. Documentation of Official U.S. Knowledge of Drug Trafficking and the Contras The National Security Archive obtained the hand-written notebooks of Oliver North, the National Security Council aide who helped run the contra war and other Reagan administration covert operations, through a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit filed in 1989. The notebooks, as well as declassified memos sent to North, record that North was repeatedly informed of contra ties to drug trafficking. In his entry for August 9, 1985, North summarizes a meeting with Robert Owen (Rob), his liaison with the contras. They discuss a plane used by Mario Calero, brother of Adolfo Calero, head of the FDN, to transport supplies from New Orleans to contras in Honduras. North writes: Honduran DC-6 which is being used for runs out of New Orleans is probably being used for drug runs into U.S. As Lorraine Adams reported in the October 22, 1994 Washington Post, there are no records that corroborate North's later assertion that he passed this intelligence on drug trafficking to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. In a July 12, 1985 entry, North noted a call from retired Air Force general Richard Secord in which the two discussed a Honduran arms warehouse from which the contras planned to purchase weapons. (The contras did eventually buy the arms, using money the Reagan administration secretly raised from Saudi Arabia.) According to the notebook, Secord told North that 14 M to finance [the arms in the warehouse] came from drugs. An April 1, 1985 memo from Robert Owen (code-name: T.C. for The Courier) to Oliver North (code-name: The Hammer) describes contra operations on the Southern Front. Owen tells North that FDN leader Adolfo Calero (code-name: Sparkplug) has picked a new Southern Front commander, one of the former captains to Eden Pastora who has been paid to defect to the FDN. Owen reports that the officials in the new Southern Front FDN units include people who are questionable because of past indiscretions, such as Jos? Robelo, who is believed to have potential involvement with drug running and Sebastian Gonzalez, who is now involved in drug running out of Panama. On February 10, 1986, Owen (TC) wrote North (this time as BG, for Blood and Guts) regarding a plane being used to carry humanitarian aid to the contras that was previously used to transport drugs. The plane belongs to the Miami-based company Vortex, which is run by Michael Palmer, one of the largest marijuana traffickers in the United States. Despite Palmer's long history of drug smuggling, which would soon lead to a Michigan indictment on drug charges, Palmer receives over $300,000.00 from the Nicaraguan Humanitarian Aid Office (NHAO) -- an office overseen by Oliver North, Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Elliott Abrams, and CIA officer Alan Fiers -- to ferry supplies to the contras. State Department contracts from February 1986 detail Palmer's work

Art Deco architecture in New York City during the 1920s essays

Art Deco architecture in New York City during the 1920s essays "As Americans we pride ourselves on being the strongest, the biggest, the fastest, the best, and in a simple word- the skyscraper" (Art Deco I-II, 21-11-02) Art Deco Architecture in New York City Skyscrapers of the 1920s Society almost always chooses to represent social changes in the art of the time. Usually this art comes before the change has chosen to show itself in the minds of the general public. This pattern had continued throughout history until the 20th century when such a great change occurred, it not only wiped out the ideas of the former time, but also the art. This change was opposite to the normal art first and then changes pattern. Instead, the public chose to change and forced art to come along for the ride. By 1920, the USA, and especially New York City, had changed greatly from the quiet Victorian 1899. New York was growing, not in land, but in spirit. The competitive nature of the New York City skyline was directly influenced by the mind set of victory after WWI, technological advancements, and a rising economy producing a more accepting range of ideas leading to Art Deco architecture in the 1920s. Prior to 1914, and the beginning of American involvement in WWI, there was only one style of architecture that leaned towards the past and recalled renaissance, gothic, or ancient styles of European history. Europe held total control of the worlds styles in architecture and everything built in New York City during this time was and had to be this controlled European style. No one dared change from the past and the ones who did were forced to redesign their buildings in order to get commissions. This styles prominence continued into the first two decades of the 20th century until the Allied victory of WWI when everything changed in America (Risebero, 212). Even with the controlled European architecture regulating the thoughts and ideas of architects, a competitive nature was developing i...

Dietrich Mateschitz - Red Bull Events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dietrich Mateschitz - Red Bull Events - Essay Example The Austrian graduate in Business Management and billionaire developed his marketing skills, amongst other things, with the German Blendax company. Since 1987, Dietrich Mateschitz is trading with his â€Å"Red Bull GmbH† to reach world leadership in the Energy-Drink sector. He tried out a different concept which helped him in creating a product differentiation amongst other beverages available in the market. In order to create a market for the product he targeted the health conscious and sports loving youth, and rest is the history. The brand label of â€Å"Red Bull† is ever since associated with strength and endurance in sporting events. In association with a Thai partner, he conceptualized the idea of coming out with catchy slogans and contemporary advertisements, which appealed to the youth segment (Dolan, 2005). In addition this entrepreneur came forward in sponsoring extreme sports sponsorships. Terry and Franklin (1994) say that competence for a leadership job is the product of both inherited and acquired qualities. Therefore the leader has to be a good learner, so that he can acquire ideas and concepts while keenly observing the world around him and capitalize on the stronger points of the business entity while trying to minimize the effects of weaker points. During one of his many business trips to Asia with Blendax, he got to know about the booming market for energy- and adrenaline drinks, which were totally unknown in Europe and the Western part of the World. In 1983 he bought the license for such a drink and founded the business â€Å"Red Bull† together with his Thai partners Chaleo and Chalerm Yoovidhya in 1984. After some changes of the mixture and the development of the marketing concept, the product was launched in Austria in 1987. The Name â€Å"Red Bull† was directly translated from the former Thai name of the product â€Å"Krating Daeng†. ‘Often copied never equaled’ is

Communications society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communications society - Essay Example In particular, the philosopher believed in the importance of a free press to report actions of the government and individuals; without a free press, unhindered by central control, Marx argued that society could not move forward in an effective, egalitarian way. His views can be positively compared to those of Plato, whose Phaedrus makes similar points as to the role of truth in all communication. As a political philosopher often at odds with the rest of the world in terms of ideas, Karl Marx nevertheless dedicated himself to creating ideological frameworks based on equality for all classes of people in terms of money, resources and public services. His views on the role of communication throughout society were therefore based on this basic notion of equality and honesty in government and individuals (Marx 52-55). Marx anticipated in his writings that future generations around the world would experience communicative technological advancements that would allow for a larger number of people to follow current events day by day. Although communications in Marx's time were not what they are today, they were nevertheless given great importance for news reporting and political events - the problem was that this news could be delayed and much of it would never reach distant regions or foreign countries. Marx believed that if politics were ever to be truly honest and transparent, communication technology would need to be improved so that daily politics could be reported clearly and assessed properly (Hardt 19-42). This belief led to the promotion of the free press; a state of journalism that would not be centrally controlled and censored. As media systems were created and spread, originally across different parts of Europe, newspapers and pamphlets were generally written in accordance with a specific group message or bias; the parliamentary debate would be written to a specific format, the government or the monarchy had the ability to stop any one group or person from publishing certain articles and censorship ran high. The press was, in fact, not something that could be said to inform the masses of current events, but it was more of a gossip trade that people enjoyed for its shocking details (Marr 12). Marx wanted to see the press evolve into something that could build and maintain an equal, functional society but he realised that the only way to do with was to eradicate censorship and promote honest, relevant journalism that affected the masses. Through strong communication networks, Marx h oped to call the public to action where it had been complacent and uninformed for so long (Mehring and Fitzgerald 152). Phaedrus and Communication Plato's Phaedrus is a dialogue between characters that revolves primarily around love, but that also includes ideas on communication and how words should be used. The communication side of the dialogue focuses on rhetoric. Plato writes that rhetoric is the art of persuasion, and that without this aim there can be no true conversation or dialogue at all. It is the clear view of the writer that speech and communication are bound to rhetoric and that no writing can be thought wrong unless it is created without truth or knowledge: "As the Spartan said, there is no genuine art of speaking without a grasp

Finance and Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finance and Accounting - Essay Example According to most business firms, the definition employed by COSO relates to the aggregate control system of an organization. This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the forms of documentation presented by auditors. In most organizations, the auditors obtain information regarding the internal control of an organization and summarize the information in a form of documentation. In most instances, they use questionnaires, flowcharts, written narratives in order to present their findings. For example, an internal control questionnaire contains questions regarding the organization. In this form of documentation, negative responses signify weakness while positive answers signify the strengths of the organization. Questionnaires are normally easy to use. Furthermore, they cover a wide a topic of discussion. Contrarily, questionnaires are not flexible, and they may also require assistance while filling the answers (Giove 44). This proves that questionnaires are somewhat time-consuming and ineffective. A written narrative can also be used in the description of the main transaction cycles in an organization. Written narratives have also proved to have both merits and demerits. For instance, a written narrative substantially enhances the understanding of the personnel of the organization. However, this method is time-consuming and presents a difficulty of clear clarification of the content (Giove 45). Lastly, flowcharts can be described as diagrammatic representations of documents and procedures in a sequential manner.

Contemporary Business Environment

Contemporary Business Environment 1. Introduction The contemporary business environment is extremely competitive and hence coping with such pressures calls for modern marketing which can go beyond developing a good product, pricing it attractively and making it accessible. Communicating with the present and potential stakeholders and the general public is no longer a matter of luxury but competitive necessity. Marketing gurus like Kotler and Keller (2006) believe that every company is inevitably cast into a role of a communicator and promoter. However, the main concern in the age of technology is not how to communicate but rather what to say, to whom and how often (Kotler and Keller, 2006). This is where marketing communications strategy comes into picture. This report will attempt to comparative analysis of Marketing Communications strategies and mix for the Cola drinks in the UK. Prior to diving into the crux of the report it is essential to have a understanding of the modes of communication which are generally included in the communication mix to form a communication strategy. Most of the experts entail five major modes of communication vis-à  -vis Advertising, Sales promotion, Public relations and publicity, personal selling, Direct and interactive marketing (Fill, 2006). Advertising: Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Sales Promotion: Activities included under sales promotion can be described as a variety of short-term incentives to encourage trial or purchase of a product or service (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Public Relations and Publicity: These are a set of communication programs designed to promote and protect the companys image or its individual product (Kotler and Keller, 2006).. Personal selling: These include all face-to-face interactions with one or more prospective purchases with an aim of making presentations, answering questions and procuring orders (Kotler and Keller, 2006).. Direct and interactive marketing: This is a product of the technology revolution and includes the use of e-mail, post, telephone, fax or internet to communicate directly with or solicit response or dialogue from specific customers and prospect (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Keeping the above descriptions in mind an analysis of the communications strategy employed by the lead players in the soft-drink market can be attempted. However, any comprehensive analysis would need to follow a specific blue-print to lend credibility to the conclusions drawn as a result of the analysis. The next section would provide a brief overview of the methodology employed by the author. 2. Research Methods The methodology is a plan for collecting, organising and integrating collected data so that an end result can be reached (White, 2002). In order to prepare this report the author employed both primary and secondary data. To begin with the report analysed the current market situation to aid a better analysis of the communications strategy employed by the companies. The data collected for this review was primarily collected from industry reports like the Keynote reports. Search string of ‘soft drink industry was entered in following database: Business source elite, Emerald and Ingenta Connect. Followed by a thorough industry analysis current communications strategy for Coca-cola, Pepsi and the Supermarket brands were analysed. The company websites and current adverts were the predominant source for this information. However, Datamonitor company profiles were employed to provide reasoning for the companys choice of the strategy. Textbooks like marketing management by Kotler and Ke ller and the others mentioned in the reference section at the end of the paper were employed to give a sound theoretical background to all the discussions made about the communications strategies. 3. Market Overview Traditionally the soft drink market has been dominated by two giants fighting it out at the top vis-à  -vis Coca-cola and Pepsi Cola. Coke has however been the market leader for a long time now. However, the proverbial ‘Cola war as it has definitely not died out. According to the Keynote Drinks market review, the UK soft drinks market was worth more than  £7.3bn in 2005 (Fenn, 2005). Moreover, soft drinks accounted for 30% of total commercial beverages consumption (Fenn, 2005). However, the carbonated soft drink category has experience overall softness the last several years (Phillips, 2006). The communications strategy adopted by the players in the industry would be affected substantially by the changes in the industry dynamics and the best way to take a look at the relevant changes would be to employ a PEST analysis. 2.1 PEST analysis 2.1.1 Political Government pressures led the US and the UK soft drink industry to ban fizzy sodas from Elementary schools. Political, guided by high profile figures line Californias governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, and public forces alike are pushing hard to extend the ban into High schools (Mercer, 2005). The Cola companies thus need a strategy to communicate a healthy image. Public health advocates and health researchers in the US and the UK have proposed a consumer paid Obesity Tax on carbonated drinks in a bid to reduce consumption and fight the global epidemic that is obesity. (Datamonitor, 2006b). This would require a even more forceful pursuit to produce an image make over into s drink that does not contribute to obesity in both the male and the female target audience. 2.1.2 Economic The 2000 US census indicated that the upper-income consumers were growing and the lower income declining rapidly, yet consistently (Ferrell and Hartline, 2005). This, in turn, lead to a trend in consumer spending and association with more luxurious things like music. 2.1.3 Social. Most of the lifestyle changes are closely related to the corresponding economic shifts. As mentioned above, on the one hand lifestyle awakenings towards healthier food and drink customs in developed countries possibly will fetter profitability, on the other hand heightened consumer spending power in developing countries like India and China have paved the way for a double digit increase in international sales of soft drinks (Fenn, 2005). 2.1.4 Technological Technology, today, is the single most imperative weapon for a firm to procure, enabling it to combat most threatening situations, ranging from reducing the cost of production to coming up with new-fangled healthier alternatives and novel strategies for communication. In a era where communication is a two way process, internet has helped the soft-drink industry in creating more awareness than ever before. 4. Analysis and Discussion On the basis of the industry situation entailed above the next few sections would analyse the current communications strategy employed by Coca-Cola, Pepsi and the Supermarket brands like Tesco Cola. 4.1 Coca cola The Coca-Cola Company (Coca-Cola) manufactures markets and distributes non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups (Datamonitor, 2006a). The syrups, concentrates and beverage bases for Coca-Cola and nearly 400 other soft-drink brands are manufactured and sold by the Coca-Cola Company and its subsidiaries in nearly 200 countries around the world. More than 60% of its products are sold outside of the US (Datamonitor, 2006a). It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. The company recorded revenues of $23,104 million during the fiscal year ended December 2005, an increase of 6.3% over 2004. The companys net profit was $4,872 million in fiscal year 2005, an increase of 0.5% over 2004 (Coca-Cola annual report, 2006). The company is a clear leader in the soft-drink market, especially in the UK. The European Union segment is the largest revenue segment of the company. Moreover, Coca-Cola is the worlds leading brand. Business-Week and Inter-brand, a branding consultancy, reckoned Coca-Cola as the leading brand in their top 100 global brands ranking in 2005 (Datamonitor, 2006a). All the above has been achieved with the aid of a very carefully planned marketing communication strategy consistently over the years. To attract younger consumers to its flagship cola, Coca-Cola launched new marketing and ad campaigns in 2003. It also changed graphics on Coke bottles and adopted a traditional look for its cans. On observing Coca-colas latest adverts and promotional activities it is clear the organisations target audience continues to be the young generation. The company has a tie up with Apple computers and provides free iTunes song on every bottle cover as a promotional activity. Given the popularity of Apples iPod among the young audience a promotional collaboration with the computer giant sends a very strong message to the consumers. The new colourful campaign labelled by the company as ‘the coke side of life reinforces the youthful image of the brand. There has always been an attempt to create a fun image for the drink, which till now the company has managed to communicate extremely effectively. Besides this the company has launched the new range of Coke Zero, which is an attempt to meet the industry requirements of health conscious drinks. Although diet Coke was already present, it was predominantly communicated as a female drink. Hence to expand its target audience to include the males, Coke had to launch a new drink communicating a fresh unisex message. Another trade-mark Coca-Cola way of promoting its products has been the use of high-profile sports events to promote its brands. The company was been chosen as one of the official sponsors for the FIFA World Cup 2006 in Germany, as well as the Olympics Games 2008 in Beijing, China (Datamonitor, 2006a). The company has the opportunity to use these two high-profile events to strengthen its brands even further. Hence it is quite clear the target audience for the communication strategy is the younger generation. To provide a better a break down of the communication strategy employed by Coca-cola in terms of the communication mix is provided below. Advertising: The maximum amount of investment made by the company is in this area by employing leading personalities from sports, movies and other arenas. The advertisement costs for the company have been astronomically high and it has been highly criticised for it in the past (Datamonitor, 2006a). Sales Promotion: There are constant offers that come with a bottle or can of coke, be it free song on iTunes or a buy one get one free offer, there is always an incentive to buy. Publicity and Public relations: As mentioned earlier, Coke as a brand has been the first one to set a trend of sponsoring big occasions and creating strong opportunities for publicity. Personal selling and direct marketing: The only means of direct consumer interaction seems to be the internet which has a highly interactive and colourful website. Moreover, it has a barrage of competitions and opportunities to win a prize for its visitors thus providing another form of incentive. 4.2 Pepsi Cola PepsiCo is a leading global snack and beverage company. The company manufactures markets and sells a range of salty, convenient, sweet and grain-based snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated beverages and foods (Datamonitor, 2006b). The company operates in 200 countries besides the US and Canada (Datamonitor, 2006b). It is headquartered in Purchase, New York. The company recorded revenues of $32,562 million during the fiscal year ended December 2005, an increase of 11.3% over 2004. The net profit was $4,078 million in fiscal year 2005, a decrease of 3.2% from 2004 (Datamonitor, 2006b). It is however the second-largest manufacturer of carbonated soft-drinks in the world, second only to Coca-cola. There is not much to differentiate between Pepsi and Cokes current campaign elements. The reason and timing of the launches might be different and are discussed later on in the report. Pepsi has similar to Coke made music a part of its communication strategy by joining hands with yahoo music. Although not as attractive was the Coke campaign, the message is still louder, clearer and younger than ever before. Pepsi is sponsoring and flaunting a lot of sports personalities in its adverts as well ranging from rugby to cricket. Pepsis new message says ‘its the cola which is in synchrony with Pepsis tradition of structuring its messages to induce and assert choice over Coke. The communication mix is pretty much the same as that of Coca-cola. 4.3 The Supermarket Cola Supermarket colas include the likes of Tesco, Somerfield, Lidl etc. The primary aim of these colas is to give value for the customers money, in coherence with its main business objective. All supermarket brands have designed their communications strategy to achieve this main objective. For instance, the Tesco Cola would have price written on it in big font. Moreover, the label design and the content colour is similar to that of Pepsi and Coke to ensure that the customers are aware that they are getting the same product for a much more cheaper price. However, since this is not a very big segment of revenues for these supermarkets, specific communications based on promoting these drinks are not found. 4.4 Discussion Based on the above analysis a few crucial issues need be discussed to provide a deeper insight into the choice of the communications strategy chosen by each of the organisations. 4.4.1 Target Audience It is apparent from the above analysis that the communications strategy of all the three organisations is primarily based on identifying the target audience i.e. market segmentation. This could be a broad category based like the younger generation in case of Coke and Pepsi or a people shopping at the supermarkets in case of Tesco cola or other supermarket brands. The fundamental idea is to perform an image analysis and choose a communication strategy which would define a desired image (could be different from the present one). Moreover, this would also differ from product to product i.e. a diet coke is targeted more at the health conscious women. The current communication strategies in all three instances above seem to be hitting their target, however Coke as usual seems to be pulling out the best suited tricks with Pepsi just following suit i.e. taking music on board the communication strategy with iTunes seems to have boosted Cokes position much more while Pepsis association with yahoo music came only as an after thought. 4.4.2 Communication objective In cokes case the objective seems to be to maintain its strong brand identity and constantly renew it to keep the youthful feeling going. Since Coke is the market leader the communication objective does not have to attempt to change either the cognitive, affective or behavioural responses from its consumers. Pepsi on the other hand seems to be attempting to generate a liking among its target audience and capture Cokes share of the market. However, this does not seems to be working evident in Pepsis decreasing sales in the UK and the US (Datamonitor, 2006b). As far as the Supermarket brands are concerned Tesco colas communication objective is quite straight forward i.e. inducing preference among its customers to buy its product over the bigger brands by keeping the prices low and providing more value for money to its customers. 4.4.3 Message design The message design needs to reflect the communication object and appeal to the target audience. Cokes latest message says ‘the coke side of life, while Pepsi has been trying to woo its customers by ‘its the cola and the supermarket colas attempt to design the bottles similar to that of the bigger brands and add the word ‘value to the label. The messages from each of the three players seem to be in synchrony with their objectives, Cokes message design seems to have the right emotional selling proposition (ESP). 4.4.4 Message source The message for Pepsi and Coke are delivered by attractive and fit people predominantly from the sporting arena. This again reinforces the ‘health conscious image of the new drinks like Coke Zero. Moreover these are both male as well as female promoting zero calorie drink to expand the target audience from women to include men. However, how much the consumers trust the credibility of the people who communicate these messages to them remains to be seen. The supermarket Colas dont have to use these as their primary aim is to communicate to the consumer that it is a cheaper alternative and it is cheap because of meagre expenses in advertising. 4.4.5 Communication Channels Considering the size of the target audience the mode of communication chosen by Pepsi and Coke are justified i.e. the main channel of communication is television and internet. Adverts in papers, magazines and streets are commonly employed as well. However, the most cost intensive means is the television with each advert requiring a gargantuan amount of money. As mentioned earlier the supermarket brands cannot afford a high communication budget on solely marketing the colas especially at the price they need to sell it for. 5 Conclusion and Recommendations Taking into consideration all the points discussed above it can be concluded that the current communication strategy and mix employed by the organisations under scrutiny are a result of the changes in their external environment and are in synchrony with their apparent communication objectives. However, overall degree of influence exerted by the Pepsi communication message seems to be lower than its arch rival. While a consumer survey would be required to add credibility to the above statement the analysis and discussion do provide a useful insight into the communication strategy formulation process and the choice of the communication mix based on which few recommendations can be made. Identifying the target audience is the most crucial step towards developing an effective communication strategy. Moreover, while identifying the target audience and developing communication objectives the marketer needs to ensure that any gap between the current public perception and the image sought are covered. When deciding the marketing communication mix a cost benefit analysis of each tool needs to be done to ensure that the most effective strategy is produced within optimum budget. It is imperative to measure the marketing communication effectiveness by asking the target audience to recall the message, frequency etc in order to make any effective changes to an existing strategy.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: essays research papers

1984 is about a parallel world 35 years into the future, in which all nations have been combined into three major countries: Oceania, Eastasia, and Eurasia. London still exists, but it is now a part of Oceania, governed by an entity called the Party, headed by a dominant figure called â€Å"Big Brother†. The Party's one goal is power; power over everybody and everything in Oceania. There is constant surveillance; devices called telescreens are put in people's homes to monitor thoughts, actions and broadcast Party propaganda continuously, with no way for the person to turn it off or change the channel. Free thinkers are not tolerated, and the "Thought Police" are sent to capture the culprits. The Party is developing an official language called â€Å"Newspeak,† whose goal is to simplify language by eliminating as many "extra" words as possible and reducing vocabulary to a small number of basic words, thus narrowing the range of thought. The protagonist of this story is Winston Smith, who works at the Ministry of Truth as a sort of professional history revisionist. His job is to rectify newspaper articles and documents in which Big Brother made predictions or statements that did not agree with the actual outcome of events; in other words, to maintain the public illusion that the Party is perfect. Unhappy with his state of being, Winston would like to overthrow the Party but is powerless to do so. So he teams up with his love interest Julia who is another Party worker. He also collaborates with a high-ranking Party official named O'Brien, who reveals himself as a secret member of a society called The Brotherhood who are planning to destroy the Party. O'Brien gives Winston a book explaining the ideals and motivations of the Party: The upper classes (the highest Party members) need to retain their economic status. Therefore, it is important to control the minds and bodies of the lower classes, and wars are waged constan tly only so that money will be spent on the production of war machinery instead of being converted into wealth which could be given to the lower classes.

Business ethic reflective essay Essay

It was probably in 2010, I was an agent in an assurance company. My duties was managing and servicing our organization’s existing corporate client portfolio that has been assigned to me. One of our company product called Saving Plan what pay an amount of money monthly or yearly up to 6 years, the annual will received 6% interest and consumer can take their money back after they complete the 6 years payment. As we know, every product might have some weaknesses while it benefits us. It is commonly that company or sales man will try to minimize the weakness of product while they promote it. But what I did wrong was that I did never mention the product weakness to customer that they will only get the best return (interest) after 25 years when they completed payment for 6 years saving plan, what I thought the saving plan as a force to consumer get use to save money and whoever buy the saving plan they will always get their money back at the end if they complete the payment. My conc ern was close cases at that time. In fact, It was kind of ethic problem when I promoted products but did not let customers understand all about it. Once I heard complain from customer I felt so guilty of myself that I had hidden from my customers. I felt shame to face my customer. I felt that was unfair to my customers and I used customer’s belief to gain my own profit. I thought it will not have any lose for my customers even I did not tell the limitation of the product cause after customer complete the saving plan, they could take their money back at anytime, but customers will only get their return of this investment after 25 years when policy mature. As it tend to depend on the economy, the saving plan may not make profit for customers. This lesson has taught me how to be an ethic person. We could put ourselves as consumers that we will always wish to know the truth and we have the right. I will never do this again in my life, trust is very important and to build a trust will always get back our customers. I would like to explain and analysis all to my customer. I wish I can be a ethic person wherever I am and whatever I do.

Free Essays on Tom Clancy

My Favorite Novel Series Tom Clancy is one of my favorite authors, and he has written the Jack Ryan series of novels. Many of Clancy’s books have been made into movies. The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, Clear and Present Danger, and recently released The Sum of All Fears have all been excellent movies that were based on his novels. His books are not far fetched, and the stories could all take place in the real world. Clancy shows the political side of events in a way that is not boring or tiresome. The action is captivating, and there is much â€Å"edge of your seat† suspense that keeps you wondering what will happen next. Throughout the series, the life of Jack Ryan changes a great deal. If you start at the beginning, you follow Ryan’s life from an ex-marine stockbroker, to the President of the United States, and the journey is an unexpectedly exciting one. The first book that I read in the series was Patriot Games, for I had seen the movie with Harrison Ford and wanted to read the book. I often like to read books that have been made into movies so I can compare the two. Often, there are minor differences in the Tom Clancy novels that have been into movies, for it is hard to cram a 900 page book into a two hour film version. However, the movies based on Clancy’s novels are quite enjoyable, even though one gets more out the book. The topics that Clancy chooses to write about are war, terrorism, corruption in politics and government, and other everyday topics that people often choose not to think about. He shows a behind the scenes look at what causes a war, and he gives us both sides of the story. The trouble between the US and the Soviet Union ( later becomes Russia) was a favorite topic for Tom Clancy to write about. Over the course of many books, the relationship changes from a very hostile one, to a delicate friendship that is not totally trusting. Clancy’s stories are similar to what has happene... Free Essays on Tom Clancy Free Essays on Tom Clancy My Favorite Novel Series Tom Clancy is one of my favorite authors, and he has written the Jack Ryan series of novels. Many of Clancy’s books have been made into movies. The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, Clear and Present Danger, and recently released The Sum of All Fears have all been excellent movies that were based on his novels. His books are not far fetched, and the stories could all take place in the real world. Clancy shows the political side of events in a way that is not boring or tiresome. The action is captivating, and there is much â€Å"edge of your seat† suspense that keeps you wondering what will happen next. Throughout the series, the life of Jack Ryan changes a great deal. If you start at the beginning, you follow Ryan’s life from an ex-marine stockbroker, to the President of the United States, and the journey is an unexpectedly exciting one. The first book that I read in the series was Patriot Games, for I had seen the movie with Harrison Ford and wanted to read the book. I often like to read books that have been made into movies so I can compare the two. Often, there are minor differences in the Tom Clancy novels that have been into movies, for it is hard to cram a 900 page book into a two hour film version. However, the movies based on Clancy’s novels are quite enjoyable, even though one gets more out the book. The topics that Clancy chooses to write about are war, terrorism, corruption in politics and government, and other everyday topics that people often choose not to think about. He shows a behind the scenes look at what causes a war, and he gives us both sides of the story. The trouble between the US and the Soviet Union ( later becomes Russia) was a favorite topic for Tom Clancy to write about. Over the course of many books, the relationship changes from a very hostile one, to a delicate friendship that is not totally trusting. Clancy’s stories are similar to what has happene...

Free Essays on Australian Poets

The particular poem that I have decided to present today gave Wright’s second book its title and was admittedly written by Wright for her husband whilst she was pregnant with his child. The poem’s title ‘Woman to May’ has several connotations at first glance. Once could interpret it as a woman bestowing certain gifts to a man, specifically sexual favours. Or perhaps the title is a comp0arison or even a challenge between the sexes, on to interpreted more as ‘Woman vs. Man’. The title also leaves the poem open – it can be read and appreciated by any man or woman across the globe. I believe that Wright’s main purpose in writing the text was to express her feelings about the creation of her soon-to-be-born child. As her primary intended audience was her husband, Wright wishes to convey her feelings about the child they have created, while it grows ever-more inside of her. Her poem not only explores fertility and birth, but also speaks boldly and almost proudly of female sexuality, highlighting sex as a symbol of life. Wright wrote this piece during 1949, a time then such things as conception and pregnancy were not topics of public discussion. By writing such a piece, Wright took a stance against the social pressures and norms of the post-war years when men were once again asserting themselves as masters of their domain. Wright could be called a feminist, even a revolutionary for composing such a daring and emotive text during such an era. Pieces like ‘Woman to Man’ highlight how no barriers or limits can hold back the power of the written word. Yet despite Wright’s possible feminist stance, I doubt she wrote the poem with the purpose of educating the male population about pregnancy; rather, it is my belief that she is attempting to share the joy of creation that exists between two people – woman and man. Wright’s use of personal pronouns illustrates the level of intimacy that she shared with her husband... Free Essays on Australian Poets Free Essays on Australian Poets The particular poem that I have decided to present today gave Wright’s second book its title and was admittedly written by Wright for her husband whilst she was pregnant with his child. The poem’s title ‘Woman to May’ has several connotations at first glance. Once could interpret it as a woman bestowing certain gifts to a man, specifically sexual favours. Or perhaps the title is a comp0arison or even a challenge between the sexes, on to interpreted more as ‘Woman vs. Man’. The title also leaves the poem open – it can be read and appreciated by any man or woman across the globe. I believe that Wright’s main purpose in writing the text was to express her feelings about the creation of her soon-to-be-born child. As her primary intended audience was her husband, Wright wishes to convey her feelings about the child they have created, while it grows ever-more inside of her. Her poem not only explores fertility and birth, but also speaks boldly and almost proudly of female sexuality, highlighting sex as a symbol of life. Wright wrote this piece during 1949, a time then such things as conception and pregnancy were not topics of public discussion. By writing such a piece, Wright took a stance against the social pressures and norms of the post-war years when men were once again asserting themselves as masters of their domain. Wright could be called a feminist, even a revolutionary for composing such a daring and emotive text during such an era. Pieces like ‘Woman to Man’ highlight how no barriers or limits can hold back the power of the written word. Yet despite Wright’s possible feminist stance, I doubt she wrote the poem with the purpose of educating the male population about pregnancy; rather, it is my belief that she is attempting to share the joy of creation that exists between two people – woman and man. Wright’s use of personal pronouns illustrates the level of intimacy that she shared with her husband...

Business Economics Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Economics - Speech or Presentation Example   In winter, it is vice versa. Product supply and demand imbalances also cause the prices of gasoline to fluctuate. This is so because at times demand rises unexpectedly or supply declines suddenly due to production problems. When supply is low, people tend to compete for the little available stock, thus increasing the prices. Such imbalances cause the common fluctuations (Stone, 2008).Since 2005, the prices of gasoline have been continually rising. At no given time have the gasoline prices of the previous year been higher than in the current year. Prior to 2004, the prices were relatively stable – around $2 a gallon. With the growing economy and population, there has been global fear that the oil deposits may soon run out. This has led to people being persuaded to use fuel saving vehicles (Verma, 2007). This, however, has not been forthcoming, because the rich still use fuel guzzlers, and governments have been forced to increase prices of gasoline so that people feel squeez ed and obligated to use fuel conservatively.The prices of gasoline rose steadily from 2005 to 2011, at one point reaching a peak of $4 a gallon in 2011. However, they gradually declined to $3 a gallon in following months. The reason that has caused the prices to rise in 2011 was the political tension in the Middle East and parts of North Africa. Situations like this cause downward shift in the supply curve. When supply decreases and demand remains constant, this leads to a higher price equilibrium.

Land Law Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Land Law Question - Essay Example As per UK law there are two sorts of land a) registered and b) unregistered. Each has its own rules and regulations with regard to treansfer of land from one hand to another hand besides enforcement of third party proprietary interests1. The Land Registration Act 2002 which is in vogue came into being on October 13th 2003. New Act has more space for a) number of titles b) over riding interest and c) electronic conveyancing. This has simplified the land transfer system. Hence, buyer needs not to worry about the vendor’s entitlement to deal with the property2. Unlike unregistered land where the purchasor needs to go through the register himself in order to find out whether third party proprietary interest is binding or not. Kinds of Leases The basic leases are four in numbers a) Gross Lease b) Full Service Lease c) Gross Industrial Lease and d) Triple Net Lease. Each landlord has to decide which lease is best suited to him. It is the duty of the attorney to let his clientle (ten ant) know which lease is beneficial to him. In commercial type of real estate lease, interest of stakeholders (Landlord and the Tenant) is ensured. It would be in the best interest of mentioned parties if they chose right type of lease3. Tenancy Agreement In accordance with the Landlord and Tenant Law of UK, tenancy agreement is an agreement that executes between the landlord and the tenant for renting out the premises. By all means, it is a legal contract. It can be in two ways, oral or written. However, the written agreement is more viable option for both the stakeholders, i.e. landlord and the tenant since it provides more concrete evidence and binding in terms of law4. Yes, some of the tenancy terms are implied even if they are not mutually agreed upon. Implied terms indicate rights, obligations and the protective clauses in line with the Residential Tenancies Act currently enforced. The Residential Tenancies Act fully protects the rights of the tenant. If the tenancy agreement includes something mutually agreed upon by the landlord and the tenant, which is not allowed by the said Act, would be binding for either party to comply with it5. Sometimes people are a little bit confused with regard to the meaning of word â€Å"lease†. In fact, the mentioned word refers to the fixed term, say one year or more tenure. This is incorrect. It can be on a month-to-month or week-to-week basis. In order to avoid confusion, the term â€Å"lease† is not used frequently in such transaction. However, in the larger interest of the landlord and the tenant, the term â€Å"tenancy agreement† can be used for the rented property6. Fixed Term Tenancy In a fixed term tenancy, the tenant agrees to have the premises for a certain period of time against mutually agreed amount of rent and the security deposit. Under the mentioned situation, if the period of time ends, the tenancy agreement ends automatically. Here, no notice is required to serve by either party unt il and unless it was specifically incorporated in the tenancy agreement. If the notice period was incorporated in the said agreement, either party is bound to serve the notice accordingly. After the expiration of the fixed term of tenancy, if the tenant does not vacate the rented premises, the tenancy agreement turns into periodic tenancy agreement, according to which, the tenant has to pay the rent as desired by the landlord. Once a tenancy period starts, it

The expectation of fear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The expectation of fear - Essay Example An in depth analysis of the essence of watching movies and reading articles that encompass creative violence is thus essential. To begin with, Rose (2011) notes that since the emergence of reading as a culture, and with the modern technological development of the internet, children have access to movies and video games whose contents can only be described as horrific, and which are quite immersive to the extent that after watching them elicit mixed reactions, that of excitement and fear. Jones gives an example of Oliver Twist’s achievement through increased readership of his works, having been made more accessible by developments in the print. While Jones notes that the upper class were not quick with embracing serialization as a means of enhancing the thrill in novels and thus increased entertainment among children, there existed a polite society that embraced it. Jones posits that watching violent media is critical to personality identification among children. While giving an example of himself of how watching Marvel comics formed the foundation for his true identity as a writer, who then became one of the greatest script writers, he observes that the move helped him in unlocking his potential and enabled him to overcome his fears and pursue his fantasies, which finally led to his career. Based on this argument, he discredits the claim by some critics that the recent gun-drama observed in schools across America is not as a result of violence media. He notes that ‘even the trashiest pop-culture story can have its own developmental function.’ He posits that just the mere pretension of possession of superhuman powers by a child plays a critical role in helping them overcome the feeling of incapability that hovers in the minds of children. He further notes that the dual nature of most characters playing superhero roles is healthy fo r children in creating a state of harmony between their innate feelings and

How to Vote in an Automated Election Essay Example for Free

How to Vote in an Automated Election Essay The Philippines is a developing country. One of the proofs of these developments is the transformation from manual to automated election. New and old voters might have a little information or even nothing at all about this high technology used for the elections. Hopefully, this guide on how to vote in an automated election will make the procedure less confusing for the voters. Synchronized National and Local Elections will be in May 13, 2013 as per RA 7166 Sec. 2 and RA 10153. STEP 1: Go to the designated precinct on May 13 The voter must first find his/her name on the PCVL (Posted Computerized Voters List) posted near the door to determine his/her precinct number and sequence number. The voter must bring a voter’s ID or any valid ID along with the registration stub. Identity of the voter must then be verified by the Bureau of Election Inspector (BEI). STEP 2: How to use the ballot Listen carefully to the instructions of the BEI Chairman on how to properly fill up the ballot. Secrecy folder and a marking pen will be given by the Comelec. Only one ballot will be provided per voter. See to it that the ballot is clean. The oval beside the name of the chosen candidate must be completely shaded. STEP 3: Feed the ballot to the PCOS PCOS stands for Precinct Count Optical Scan machine. The voter will be the one to feed the ballot to the machine. Wait for confirmation or until the ballot is dropped into the semi-transparent box of the machine. If rejected, ask for the assistance of the BEI. The voter should return the secrecy folder and marking pen to the assigned person in the precinct. STEP 4: Go to the BEI for indelible inking The voter will then proceed to the BEI for the putting of indelible ink at the base of the right forefinger nail, then affix thumb mark in the space in the Election Day Computerized Voters List (EDCVL). REFERENCES: Commission on Election http://www.comelec.gov.ph/ Dado, Lauren â€Å"How to Vote in an Automated Election.† Philippine Online Chronicles Esem05 â€Å"Manual Election or Automated Election.† StudyMode.com. 10 2012. 10 2012

The Rhetoric of Reggae in Artful Cinema for the World :: Reggae Jamaican Music Film Essays

The Rhetoric of Reggae in Artful Cinema for the World Perry Henzel's The Harder They Come is credited with a significant and unique role in introducing American audiences to reggae. Whereas earlier cinematic crossmarketed films like A Hard Days Night or Help! were adjunct to and dependent on a group's previous commercial musical success, Henzel's film was for many an introduction to reggae and both precursor and impetus for its international impact and commercial popularity. The film's status as a cult classic and phenomenon, to the extent a phenomenon can be explained, perhaps rests on its lack of commercial pretentions or promotional glitz, and thus its authenticity. The rhetoric of this film -- its images, words, and music in complementary array -- is rhetoric in the best sense because it uses the power of language to reveal, not to disguise, the unconscionable constraints on the lives of poor Jamaicans. Principally it's a film by a Jamaican artist about some musically and culturally significant events happening in Jamaica at the time, and though it is formulaic as films tend to be, it also encompasses all of the majors themes and conflicts that define and swirl around reggae music: spirituality, sensuality, commercialism, social justice, the messiah, and even Armageddon, though its tenor is decidedly secular The genius of the film is that it synthesizes a multitude of cultural and musical elements and still manages to function rhetorically on separate but parallel levels of communication. The fundamental message for Jamaican audiences was to document, authenticate, and value the Jamaican reality. As Henzel notes in his running commentary, a special feature of the DVD, Jamaicans cheered the film's opening scenes wildly, simply because they recognized themselves and their world in a powerful global medium that had paid them no mind until then. "There is no thrill in moviedom like people seeing themselves on the screen for the first time." The experience and the legacy of colonialism accustoms people who suffer it to literature and film that depicts the lives and perspectives of the colonizers, not the colonized. As Jamaica Kincaid explains in a memoir of a Carribean childhood, all of her reading was from books set in England. Her land and its people were not worthy of literary attenti on. While finally getting such cinematic attention is a joyful, liberating, and affirming interaction for the Jamaican audience, it has an ironic dimension too in that the downpressed are joyous because at last they see themselves if not through the downpressor's lens, at least on his screen.

The Views of Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen on War Essay -- Poets War

The Views of Rupert Brooke and Wil My selected poems are 'The Soldier' by Rupert Brooke and 'Dulce et Decorum est' by Wilfred Owen. Both war poems but conveying their different feelings and presenting their views of war in radically different ways. The poets have polarized views of war with Rupert Brooke writing his poem in a romanticized and patriotic way referring to the possibility of death as a noble cause, for England the land that gave him life. This is at odds to how Wilfred Owen views the reality and horror of war. The poets choice of title 'Dulce et Decorum est' which translated means 'It is lovely and honourable to die for your country' which in its self is irony, misleads you to think that the poem is going to be about how blissful it is to die for your country and how proud you should be, when the reality is so different. The title 'The Soldier' is also very misleading. The title suggests it's going to be about a solider at war and facing death when in fact it's about the glorification and pride or the author Brookes at the thought of serving his country. 'Dulce et decorum est' is a poem about Soldiers in 1st world war. The poet Wilfred Owen has created and described images in great detail. He creates the horrific images of war and the soldier's pain. The poem begins, 'Bent double. Like old beggars under sacks' Which instantly has great impact on my feelings and creates the image of the young soldier's hunched backed in pain and agony carrying enormous packs, walking slowly and haggard like old women. The pain that the soldiers are feeling is shown 'Knock-kneed, coughing like old hags, we cursed through sludge' implying that the soldiers were cold and afraid and feeling very ill... ...ormat to write a war poem in. It is written in the form of a sonnet because it is very romanticised poem e.g. 'Gave once her flowers to love, her ways to roam' 'Dulce et decorum est' was my favourite poem of the two, it's a very emotional poem and shows the harsh realities of war rather than a dreamy, imaginative poet writing about his fairy tale life style. Also it seems to me that as Rupert Brookes didn't fight in the war and lost his life to a measly mosquito bite, his poem is party deceptive and untruthful. I have come to the conclusion that both poets have polarized view on war. Wilfred Owen believed that war was a useless thing, risking young lives and seeing the pain that many of the men went through and Rupert Brookes saw war as a noble act. Brilliant and consequential thing risking your life to show you are faithful towards your country.

Bug Inc

In both cases BUG is liable for negligence and could pay compensatory and punitive damages. As an employer, BUG is bound to protect its employees. In the case of the vendor, BUG can be considered as owner of the land (dock) while the vendor is a licensee. As such, BUG has a duty of ordinary care to the vendor. In defense of a tort liability filed by the vendor, BUG can use the assumption of risk as its defense. It is a fact that the town is experiencing a crime wave.Knowing that it was lunch time, the vendor should have simply just returned later instead of waiting. Had the vendor done so, it could not have been robbed and the items to be delivered stolen. However, BUG cannot use the same defense against tort filed by employees. As employees, they are required to report for work and go home after. BUG can however use contributory negligence as a defense. BUG can use the fact that the parking lot was originally well lit.As employees, they should have informed the company of the condit ion of the lights in the parking lot. Employees should also have updated the company on whether the lights were already fixed or not. 6) Sally can file negligence suit against BUG. BUG knew that an insulator could prevent shorts from happening but did not do so for business reasons. Sally can also file for misrepresentation since BUG continued to manufacture the product despite knowledge of a problem possibly occurring.Sally cannot file for strict liability since the product was not technically defective. Sally however can also file for failure to warn since BUG should have informed its customers of the possibility of a short. Sally can request for compensatory damages, specifically general damages, since she actually suffered harm on her person. As a result of BUG not including the insulator knowing that it could prevent short, Sally can further ask for punitive damages.

Get 10 Interesting Facts About Oxygen

Get 10 Interesting Facts About Oxygen Oxygen is one of the best-known gases on the planet, largely because it is so important for our physical survival. It is a crucial part of Earths atmosphere and hydrosphere, its used for medical purposes, and it has a profound effect on plants, animals, and metals. Facts About Oxygen Oxygen is atomic number 8 with the element symbol O. It was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1773, but he did not publish his work immediately, so credit is often given to Joseph Priestly in 1774.  Here are 10 interesting facts about the element oxygen. Animals and plants require oxygen for respiration. Plant photosynthesis drives the oxygen cycle, maintaining it around 21% in air.  While the gas is essential for life, too much of it can be toxic or lethal. Symptoms of oxygen poisoning include vision loss, coughing, muscle twitching, and seizures.  At normal pressure, oxygen poisoning occurs when the gas exceeds 50%.Oxygen gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.  Its usually purified by  fractional distillation of liquefied air, but the element is found in many compounds, such as water, silica, and carbon dioxide.Liquid and solid oxygen is pale blue.  At lower temperatures and higher pressures, oxygen changes its appearance from blue monoclinic crystals to orange, red, black, and even a metallic appearance.Oxygen is a nonmetal.  It has low thermal and electrical conductivity, but high electronegativity and ionization energy. The solid form is brittle rather than malleable or ductile. The atoms readily gain electrons a nd form covalent chemical bonds. Oxygen gas normally is the divalent molecule O2. Ozone, O3, is another form of pure oxygen.  Atomic oxygen, which is also called singlet oxygen does occur in nature, although the ion readily bonds to other elements. Singlet oxygen may be found in the upper atmosphere. A single atom of oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2.Oxygen supports combustion.  However, it is not truly flammable!  It is considered an oxidizer. Bubbles of pure oxygen dont burn.Oxygen is paramagnetic, which means it is weakly attracted to a magnet but doesnt retain permanent magnetism.Approximately 2/3 of the mass of the human body is oxygen. This makes it the most abundant element, by mass, in the body.  Much of that oxygen is part of water, H2O. Although there are more hydrogen atoms in the body than oxygen atoms, they account for significantly less mass. Oxygen is also the most abundant element in the Earths crust (about 47% by mass) and the third most common element in the Universe. As stars bu rn hydrogen and helium, oxygen becomes more abundant. Excited oxygen is responsible for the bright red, green, and yellow-green colors of the aurora. Its the molecule of primary importance, as far as generating bright and colorful auroras.Oxygen was the atomic weight standard for the other elements until 1961 when it was replaced by carbon 12. Oxygen made a good choice for the standard before much was known about isotopes because although there are 3 natural isotopes of oxygen, most of it is oxygen-16. This is why the atomic weight of oxygen (15.9994) is so close to 16. About 99.76% of oxygen is oxygen-16.

Mid Career Professional Working Mothers Essay Example

Mid Career Professional Working Mothers Essay Example Mid Career Professional Working Mothers Essay Mid Career Professional Working Mothers Essay The increasing figure of working female parents, over past old ages, has increased force per unit areas for them as they confront intending in work, household and personal life ( Grady A ; McCarthy, 2008 ) . Work-life integrating seems to be hard for professional female parents due to increased force per unit areas. They non merely necessitate to make significance in their work, household, personal life by egos but they besides need support at work topographic point by the employer. The support by the employer at work topographic point towards integrating of work, household and self leads towards self-fulfillment and satisfaction which have positive result for them and finally for employer ( Auster, 2001 ) . The absence of the support by the employer may take to the troubles for the professional female parents. The work intensification and long hours, coupled with kid rise uping demands consequence in emphasis and labour turn over ( Jones A ; McKenna, 2002 ) . The intent of this survey is to research the issues, jobs and experiences of mid-career professional female parents sing work-life integrating in Faisalabad, Pakistan. How the most prevalent household systems in Pakistan, articulation and atomic ( Ahamad, 2002 ) , affect them. The survey examines what type of hinderance they face and what type of support they need at work topographic point every bit good as from the household. Now in Pakistan, huge section of the society based on adult females can non be denied the adult females s position, liberty and equality in playing a function in societal, economic chances and state edifice ( Amir, 2004, conference paper ) . Concerns about the economic system and every bit good due to the alterations occurred in adult female s aspirations has increased the adult females as work force as neer before ( Ahamad, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to labour force study 2010, adult females s employment rate increased by 1.7 % as mentioned above. The focal point is on mid-career professional working female parents because they are in the phase of calling when a batch of attending is required by their household and every bit good for constructing their professional calling. Professional working female parents are defined as those female parents, who manage, develop and put their professional calling throughout the period of rise uping their household ( Grady A ; McCarthy, 2008 ) . Work-life integrating Work and non-work are mutualist and the persons have to play functions at the same time or to exchange often from one function to the other ( Wilson et al. , 2004 ) . Work function is the professional responsibilities assigned by the organisation and non work includes household or domestic responsibilities have to execute for household. Central thought of this research paper is work life integrating. Work-life integrating is defined that how professional workers incorporate the responsibilities at work topographic point accompanied with the domestic responsibilities along ego demands. This belief gained a batch of attractive force in the past decennary ( Metz, 2005, Grady A ; McCarthy, 2008, Valimaki, Lamsa A ; Hiillos, 2009, Peeters, Wattez, Demerouti A ; Regt, 2009, Goodstein, 1994, Glass A ; Estes, 1997, Auster, 2001, Jones A ; McKenna, 2002, Karatepe, 2009, Wilson et al. , 2004 A ; Burke, 2004 ) . With rise of industrialisation, the agricultural theoretical account is now r eplaced, the conventional function of adult females expected to take attention of the kids and work forces as staff of life victor is traveling to be changed ( Valimaki, Lamsa A ; Hiillos, 2009, Grady A ; McCarthy ) . Employees need to face the work and non-work functions matching. Dissolution, intervention and struggle between the functions may take to perturb, fire out, emotional exhaustion ( Grady A ; McCarthy, 2008 A ; Peeters, Wattez, Demerouti A ; Regt, 2009 ) , negative wellness result dissatisfaction and emotional disagreement ( Karatepe, 2009 ) . The work-family struggle is considered bi-directional ( Cohen, 2009, p. 814 ) . Pull offing multiple undertakings at a clip may take towards struggles from work to household life and from household to work life ( Kirrane A ; Monks, 2004 ) . Sense of equilibrium may make by positive spillover, enrichment and facilitation ( Glass A ; Estes, 1997, Valimaki, Lamsa A ; Hiillos, 2009 ) . On the other manus adult females entrywa y in work force in last two decennaries at an precedent gait ( Auster,2001 ) , resulted dual-earner and in low spread between male and female ( Ahamad, 2002 ) . Females need support from household system and partner to do an appropriate assimilation ( Valimaki, Lamsa A ; Hiillos, 2009 ) . The household system and work-life integrating for mid-career adult females It has been proposed that a professional adult females s calling is hard to be examined without analyzing her non-work life household system and partner ( Powell A ; Mainiero, 1992 ) . Family, a smallest unit of a society composed of two or more people who are interconnected by matrimony, blood or acceptance, live together from an economic unit, has basic characteristics of sharing and togetherness ( Ahamad, 2002 ) . Two types of family systems, dominant in Pakistan, joint household system, in which adult females with her hubby and kids lives with in-laws, and the atomic household system, in which a adult female individually lives with her hubby and kids ( Amir, 2004 ) . A freshly married working adult female prefers to populate in atomic household system but in child bearing phase this system jeopardizes her life ( Aamir, 2004 ) . Due to the deficiency of twenty-four hours attention centres and undependable retainers and amahs may do it hard for the on the job professional female parents to take attention of their dependent kids peculiar in mid-career. In such instance joint household system becomes the bosom favourite of working professional female parents ( Aamir, 2004 ) , which may ease and may take attention of their kids, in their working hours. Woman marries the whole household and she is answerable to other household members ( Ahamad,2004 ) , tough duties are on her shoulders, specifically in joint system, leads towards heavy load when adult female is working as professional and every bit good as an economic manus of her spouse. In such instance adult female may experience disagreement and may prefer atomic system where figure of dependants are less, she needs support from her partner and work topographic point to go on her professional calling. Modern life is prima towards alteration in functions of adult females and work forces due to uninterrupted alterations in economic and demographic tendencies ( Ahamad, 2002 ) The per centum of married twosomes increased in old decennaries, in which both partners worked full clip, a partner or a spouse can supply basic support, include sharing place, rearing duties, promoting calling development, interpersonal support needed by working adult females ( Gordon A ; Whelan-Berrry, 2004 ) . After go throughing twenty-four hours long activity at workplace may do a on the job adult females exhausted and do it thorny for her to take attention of kids along family responsibilities. In such instance professional working adult females peculiar in mid-career, where household demands with kid rise uping are increasing accompanied with calling growing. It may go hard to integrate both without support from household and work topographic point. In some instances, household and partner do non ease wo rking adult females but sometimes do truly back up ( Karatepe, 2009 ) . Working professional female parent may be from Joint household system or atomic household system, necessitate ample support. It may impact in work-life integrating. By sharing common involvements a flexible partner enables working adult female to pull off their calling and integrate work and household lives successfully ( Valimaki, Lamsa A ; Hiillos, 2009 ) , particularly in mid-career where calling has already established and adult females are beyond the parenting of babies and yearlings, happening new challenges in work and personal involvement ( Gordon A ; Whelan-Berrry, 2004 A ; Grady A ; McCarthy, 2008 ) . Therefore, literature indicates when adult females are in their mid-career, face challenges sing work-life integrating while sing new chances in promotion of their calling, they need to be supported by work topographic point and household system, either joint or atomic household system. Professional working female parents strive to incorporate across the spheres and to minimise the spread. This research paper aims to research the spread that how professional working female parents create balance refering work, household and single egos ; and how household system affects this integrating? The undermentioned subdivision indicates research methods used in the current survey to turn to these research inquiries. The content analysis was the attack used to analyse the information ( Bryman A ; Bell, 2003 ) . The qualitative responses were collected, grouped and the construct was examined through the organized analysis of the record. The figure below presents the content analysis model that was derived. Framework led four capable affairs along with four research inquiries. Further integrating of work is illustrated by integrating values and kernel of balance. Concluding column indicates the responses of the participants towards inquiries Three of the participants had four kids ; nine of the females accompanied three childs and eight of the respondents possessed two kids and two females had 1 kid. Seven of the females were populating in joint-family system, three of which lived with merely mother-in jurisprudence and father-in jurisprudence, and other four were populating with other relations as good. Fifteen of the participants lived in atomic system. One of the females had babies and the kids of other adult females were school-aged or above but at least had one independent kid. The adult females possessed work experience between 8 to 22 old ages. The targeted sectors were medical, instruction, make-up industry, telecommunication, nursing and research officers including both public, private and semi-government organisations along with self-employment. Four targeted interviewees were physicians had specialisation in different Fieldss, work experience autumn from 9 to 20 old ages. Two of the participants were Ph.D. phy sicians, fell under the class of research officers ; eight of the respondents were from instruction field were working as instructors, by and large owned maestro s grade, every bit good had some completed short-courses relevant to the Fieldss. Three of the contestants were selected from telecommuting, two from Bankss and one from beauty salon, preserved 10 to 18 old ages experience and possessed different relevant short classs. Nine of the adult females included, were form private organisations, five were from authorities or public organisations, five were from semi-government and three were the freelance. One of the respondents, had the nationality of Pakistan but lived 10 old ages in Madinah, Saudi Arabia and worked as lector in the Madinah University, Saudi Arabia for ten old ages, and shifted to Faisalabad for last five old ages and running her ain school. Self-perception in relation to work and household functions The findings point out that when the household roles every bit good as work functions spill over each other, the figure one precedence professional working female parents gave to their kids. It is apparent from the interviews that females were really disturbed and stressed at their work, sing their kids. Womans miss their kids at workplace. All adult females became really emotional when they talked about their kids. They are non ready to make compromise over their kids. The working female parents focused on giving a quality clip to their kids. The undermentioned statements are the evident of the manner of thought of female parents: Bing a female parent, my kids are my figure one precedence. I will neer allow my kids neglected due to my calling. I have a wish to prosecute my calling along with executing the responsibilities related to my kids as a female parent. As a female parent, my childs were my chief concern. I ever tried to give them a quality clip instead than a measure clip. Self employed respondents were flexible in their on the job conditions. They were non bound for any one s order. Such adult females indicated that the ground for their being self employed was their kids. They said that it was hard for them to give an appropriate clip to their kids. I am freelance and running my ain school. I rare feel to do an accommodation hard between kids and my calling. In instance of any accident or illness of kid it is easy for me to take a leave. All adult females had intense feeling of maternity. But some adult females responded that their work as a stimulating factor for them. Females pointed out themselves much active due to their occupations and considered them as idle without occupation. They had more challenges in their lives so they worked difficult and struggled more to carry through. They identified them as more originative in contrast to non-professional adult females. In the start of my calling, I found it difficult to make a balance between work and household. But now I feel myself uncomplete without my occupation. In off yearss I feel myself really lazy and idle. I even do nt rinse my face and take bath as I do nt hold to travel at work. My work creates appeal in my life. Work related factors: Two-way flexibleness is really important issue in concern organisations. If employers give flexibleness to the employees working in an organisation, the employees besides put more committedness over at that place. Parental leaves, pregnancy foliages, flexible working hours, carer s leave, job-sharing, may fall under the class of flexible related factors. Flexibility is really of import. I am here ; the ground is the cooperation from my co-workers at workplace. As yesterday, I had to go to female parent s meeting of my younger kid. My employer allow me to travel. As a consequence, today I am seting my maximal part. I am a physician but alternatively of making pattern I am learning at medical college and I got flexibleness from the organisation to pick my kids from their school. My kids are rather happy and I am besides contented due to that flexibleness. Some adult females pointed out that they had to endure a batch because of inflexibleness of the organisation ; sometimes it became so hard for them to run their calling during child bearing period. I am an employee of a private organisation. During my calling I thought many times to go forth the occupation due to inflexibleness from my organisation specifically during my kid bearing phase, I of all time got unpaid pregnancy leaves for merely one month. At that phase I became so defeated due to my kid attention and had wished to hit the employer. From old decennary the working tendency of the adult females is increasing and as a consequence, societal, behavioural and attitudinal alterations are besides emerging. In Pakistan, it was considered unusual for the adult females to travel out of their places for the interest of gaining beside their hubbies. Now-a-days male co-workers portion the duties and contribute to the work with their female co-workers alternatively of viing with them. I have been working from 18 old ages. At start of my calling, my neighbours, relations, and my male co-workers watched me in an unworldly manner, but now at the phase of my mid-career my equal group specifically included work forces are really concerted towards me. Without engagement of adult females, it s non easy to bear fiscal disbursals merely by male. Now society is more civilised and it is accepting this world. Women merely considered them responsible for their calling. They frequently had to disregard many chances merely due to their household and kid related jobs. Womans were non willing to go forth the metropolis due to their household and partner. I received much flexibleness from my old organisation at Lahore. I was at the promotional phase in that unit of organisation. But in instance of my hubby s publicity in Faisalabad I had to compromise and to go forth that unit of organisation and made it possible my transportation in other unit of that specific organisation in Faisalabad. Now I have to divert from my smooth calling way. I have left many chances offered by organisation. I do nt desire to go as portion of top direction because I do nt desire to bear load of work more it may do to upset my household. Unifying work and household system: As research grounds showed that professional working female parents have much feelings of maternity and every bit good they had identified the demand to come in professional Fieldss. Womans have to go forth the occupation due to negative spillover of work and household functions ; they have to go forth their occupations ( Glass A ; Estes, 1997 ) . There is high importance for them to unify work within their household systems. As indicated before that two most prevailing household systems are joint and atomic. Professional working females, as portion of joint system, pointed that this type of household system showed cooperation with them in their calling way. I have been working from 14 old ages. I have neer felt any type of job sing my kid attention. I leave my kids at place and their grandma takes attention of them in a best mode. My kids are more confident and bold as compared to my relations whose female parents are non working. Whenever I go home after completion of occupation, the happy faces of my kids make me fresh. All recognition goes to my mother-in-law. I love her. I do nt hold any job sing my kids attention. I neer felt any demand of kid attention centre here because our joint household system is the best option of such twenty-four hours attention centres. I may neer experience assurance over the retainers and amahs as I have trust in my in-laws. Some adult females indicated that they had to endure due to joint household system because of the load of excess duties and domestic responsibilities. Joint household system hinders smooth career way of professional working adult females. Due to a big sum of domestic duties I lost many chances. Financial disbursals besides increases and I have to give a large part of my wage to my in-laws. Respondents who lived in atomic household system mentioned a batch of jobs sing their work and household integrating. They mentioned jobs sing their kid attention and to execute a batch of domestic responsibilities by egos. Working adult females needed a concerted partner. I have to disregard my kids when I come to work. I forget work when I reach at place. I wish to hold a joint household system at least my kids may be in a place to acquire safety and security because I ca nt trust on amahs. My hubby s calling is really of import and he can non take leave for kids. It is besides apparent that the working female parents, who lived in a atomic system, did nt compromise on their callings. They did nt hold any duties and jumping from other household members. They indicated much satisfaction because they did nt necessitate to reply anybody. I am grateful to God that I live in atomic household system, I am really happy in my Eden where there is no intervention from typical female parent, male parent, sister and brother in-laws. I am non answerable in forepart of anybody sing my actions except my concerted hubby. Support from partner/ partners were identified as a cardinal component for professional working female parents. A research worker adult female pointed that she was nil without the support from her hubby because a supportive hubby shared the domestic functions every bit good. Today I am here due to my hubby s support. During my child bearing period I did my Ph.D. related to my field. I did work at place and my hubby made it possible to analyze my work from my supervisor consecutively. My hubby is really concerted in constructing my calling. Even he does cooking if I am non at that place. It was reported by all participants that they may merely go on their calling if support from their households were at that place. Joint household system was supportive for household exigency clip and kids attention. Research indicated those adult females who fell under the class of atomic household system, pointed that they were nil without their hubby s support. Because there was no 1 at place, work as assisting manus in malice of their partners. Integration of work, household and personal ego: Increasing tendency of working female parents from the last decennary indicated that adult females were in their mid-career. There felt a demand to pull off work household and personal egos. But answering showed that this phase of mid-career they to the full focused towards household and work and had forgotten themselves, which is supported by following statement of a gynaecologist ; Work and household come at first. My profession does non allow me to disregard it. I have to stay watchful at all times. In such instance I find no clip for myself. Last twenty-four hours I came to workplace and my coworkers pointed that I was have oning shirt from the incorrect side. The participant adult females showed that they are seeking for their values in their lives because at this clip of mid-career the fiscal issues were about solved and compensation programs are non plenty. Their kids have besides grown up and attention for kids become easier. The adult females at their mid-career seek intent of their lives, their demands are altering. They mentioned that they had past a batch of clip with their work and household now they feel need for ego attention. The undermentioned statement proves these positions: In the start, my hubby s wage was really low, unable to carry through our fiscal disbursals ; I pursued myself towards my calling as right manus of my hubby. That was tough clip when my kids required clip from my side. But now I have no job sing kids attention or any fiscal issue. It s now clip to concentrate on me. In summarized signifier, it is proved from the findings of the whole survey that working professional female parents interplay the functions of work and household along with single egos. Family balance is achieved through the possible, appropriate program, household system, and workplace flexibleness and a web of support. Large proportion of respondents perceived that joint household system helped them for carry throughing calling and a sense of accomplishment. In the start career the most part of the clip, they devoted for work and household. But now in mid-career, self-balance gained a batch of importance. Discussion and decision This survey explored the experiences of mid-career professional working female parents building integrating between work, household and egos in the context of Faisalabad, Pakistan. It is examined that how household systems included joint and atomic, impact them and their calling. How these professional working female parents made integrating in malice of batch of challenges and what support they require from household system. The lives of professional working female parents are really important. They need to run their household and kids as figure one precedence along with important concern for their calling. Mid-career professional working female parents experienced a long clip period of clip for their work. They created quality in their work, which motivated them for the self-realization. Harmonizing to Warner and Hausdorf ( 2009 ) work-family support negatively affects the person s emphasis and leads to satisfaction in different facets of life, household every bit good as the occup ation while heightening more commitment towards their workplace. That s why working professional female parents leads towards the sense of accomplishment. Now organisations are fighting to better understand the factors, affect the fulfilment of this ever-growing demographic type of mid-career who is filled with intelligence and experience ( Ellen R. Auster and Karen L. Ekstein, 2004 ) . The being of flexible on the job conditions and flexible working hours are reported as favourable for the working female parents. Schedule flexibleness is a boundary-spanning resource that helps workers carry through both their work and household duties ( Carlson, Grzywacz A ; Kacmar, 2010, p. 331 ) . Organizational policies are required to include flex options, for professional working female parents. Womans and work forces peculiarly who are married, as comparison to individual work forces and adult females are more interested in flex-options like occupation alternate or calling option options ( Ronald J. Burke,1996 ) . Working female parents are considered as more responsible for their child care as compared to their partners. Working female parents are obligate to execute household responsibilities along with pull offing the functions at the workplace. The answerability of both spheres leads to the superior challenges. The achievement in one sphere frequently leads to the succ ess in the other sphere ( Grady A ; McCarthy, 2008 ) . Miss match-up of both functions may do strain or exhaustion among them. The proper incorporation of both functions is plausible with the judicial admission of flexibleness from both, work and household. The aid from the partner and workplace had positive consequence on the work life integrating for working female parents. The increasing figure of adult female in professional working Fieldss stimulated organisations to present more flexible options for employees. Work/life benefits refer to plans and policies designed to assist employees pull off the viing demands of life, work, and household ( Thompson A ; Aspinwall, 2009, p. 196 ) . These flexible chances or work-life balance constabularies assist a working female to unify the spheres, profession and household ( Lewis A ; Humbert, 2010 ) . Women under flex-options find it easy to unify both spheres ; household and work life. If one sphere interferes other so struggle may h appen. Women incorporate both spheres, find solutions of jobs through web and support and salvage them from psychological upsets. The concomitant of both spheres might consequences in the family-work, enrichment. Women require a assisting manus for them to get the better of their work and domestic responsibilities at place. Women face a tough occupation while populating in atomic household system, while joint household system helps them to get the better of their duties. As happening besides indicated that in instance of joint system adult females s load deficiencies. And they rely on their female parent or father in-law for child care instead than an insecure amah. Women felt proud that they are in a place to pull off both spheres successfully. Organizations offer adult females opportunities of publicities towards managerial places but adult females proportion at managerial degree is still low ( Rueyling Tzeng, 2006 ) . Womans are less willing to acquire that opportunity due to double duties. Females encounter extra restraints in comparing to the males, due to the more domestic responsibilities lies on the female ( ONeil et al. , 2008 ) . Some adult females loose the chance sing their calling due to their household. Ever adult females get opportunity of some publicity from in-between to exceed direction. They deny this chance because of their household ; see as that their household will endure if they got that opportunity of calling edifice. They think that it will do to shortage of their foliages. One respondent pointed that she got a batch opportunities in organisation to better her calling but she missed due to her household. In such instance adult females analyze the cost and benefit of chance. Findingss can be explaine d by kaleidoscope calling theoretical account, bespeak how calling success can be measured differentially for each person. Working female parents besides depend for direction related calling upon their household agreements. Women continued to direction related places. Family system besides affects a batch for integrated for professional calling female parents. Work household emphasis is identified as a major job particularly for working professional adult females ( Susanna lo, Raymond rock, Catherine W. Ng, 2006 ) . In joint system adult female intensify on their in-laws. In atomic system, participants indicated to be acquire more emphasis due to over-burden. Joint system considered by participants as best option of twenty-four hours attention centres. They felt a sense of security and safety for their kids in safe custodies. Domestic responsibilities are besides identified low as comparison to atomic system. Joint system, if supportive, proved as great approval for working professional female parents. In phase of mid-career adult females s concentration identified towards their value and aim. Women s callings and lives are more holistic and that adult females step success less by corporate promotion and more by subjective steps such as personal satisfaction and growing ( Doherty A ; Manferdi, 2010, p. 140 ) . They started to research that why we live? What is chief intent of our being? At this phase all fiscal affairs have been solved. Women besides got certifications related to their calling field. Now they are in a place to take a field harmonizing their want. Womans at this degree are frequently non bound for anyone. They wanted to derive aims of their lives. They tried non merely to incorporate both spheres but their maximal focal point shifted from occupation seeking as in start now towards to career edifice and self-realization. Empirical probe found that adult females were less willing to derive any wages or money as incentive. But they required flex-options, calling e nrichment and a occupation, which help them in self-realization. Flexibilities related to child bearing and child-rearing age offered them by organisation. Flex options must be examined by organisations to assist adult females in integrating of their work, household and egos. As research showed, that adult females integrated work, household and ego to big extent. Then a sense of accomplishment they found. They found solutions of different undertakings through pull offing all fortunes. Social attitude and behaviour of people towards working adult females besides got a alteration. Peoples are prepared to confront this world. That now in high rising prices rate in Pakistan, adult females s cooperation has become obvious. Male entirely are non in a place to carry through all disbursals. Due to favourable environment a sense of kingdom created among adult females, which influenced positive impact on behaviours and increased productiveness in organisation. In such instance when proportion of adult female in population increased, rising prices rate high, adult females earnestly considered their calling. Now household along with calling has become more of import for them. Participants pointed that they of all time took it as avocation but now necessitate of clip. During research writers asked working female parents, have any suggestion for female parents in their start calling. Participants answered that foremost, adult females should go on make occupation. As in terrible state of affairs, increasing rate of adult females among population and rising prices double calling twosomes should be in field and they should go on their calling. Second, they suggested that adult females should come in occupation and should seek to incorporate work, household and ego in appropriate mode. They should fix program and policies while populating in joint household system. And they should work for deriving self-identifications. Mothers should measure their values and should make a tantrum between picks. So they can happen appropriate integrating. Current survey raises some inquiries for future research and theoretical development. Study suggests to younger female parents compare them with these mid-career adult females. These are a beginning of encouragement for them. A batch of nomenclatures are still obscured, demand is to work on work life balance. This survey suggested a socially sustainable work. It will be interesting that how work will impact on sustainability of work. A longitudinal survey may besides be good for mid calling adult females. This research is besides non without its restrictions. Qualitative surveies are frequently discussed and criticized for their concern with the peculiar at the disbursal of general ( aˆÂ ¦.. ) . The response rate from the audience was low, but, through in-depth, rich and contextual information, which was received during interviews, tried to get the better of these defects. Future on this issue quantitative survey may retroflex the findings.